Unveiling the bioactive potential of Azaleatin-3,7-di-O-glucoside from Hibiscus rosa-sinensis: in silico insights into its antioxidant and antibacterial properties

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. flower has been known to contain polyphenolic compounds, so the current study focuses on the isolation, identification, characterization, and biological applications of flavonoid compounds from H. rosa-sinensis flower, with an emphasis on antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Flavonoid was extracted from flower extract in ethyl acetate and characterized using chemical tests, TLC, UV, HPLC, FTIR, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR. Azaleatin-3,7-di-O-glucoside, a quercetin derivative, was found to effectively scavenge DPPH, ABTS, and Nitric oxide (IC50 = 24.61, 22.38, and 39.79 μg/mL) and antioxidant activity index (AAI) determined to be 1.015, indicating a strong level of antioxidant activity, while PASS prediction revealed the higher antioxidant (Pa = 0.786). Furthermore, Azaleatin-3,7-di-O-glucoside demonstrated greater antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, a gram-positive bacteria, than against gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli. The study concluded that flavonoid compounds can be used as antibacterial and antioxidant agents, as well as has powerful free-radical scavenging properties, which may be mediated by their phenolic and flavonoid concentrations, and are an excellent source for the medical and pharmaceutical industries and human society.