The Semantic Web of Digital Technology and Learning in the 21st Century for Undergraduate using Ontology Techniques

In the 21st century, digital technology has become integral to daily life, significantly impacting the skills and knowledge of undergraduate students. This research aims to develop a Semantic Web for learning digital technology in the 21st century by employing ontology techniques to enhance the efficiency of information retrieval. The system is designed to offer flexible learning, adaptable to students' needs, and focuses on categorizing content into three main classes and twelve subclasses. These classes define relationships using four object properties to connect main classes, subclasses, and instances, and four data type properties to link instances with data and relationships between digital technologies. This approach clarifies information and makes it more relevant for undergraduate students. Despite the advantages of ontology techniques in improving information retrieval and recommendation processes, challenges remain due to the complexity of constructing data relationships and establishing rules for data storage and retrieval. Effectively managing semantic data requires specialized knowledge to ensure accurate and efficient outcomes. The ontology knowledge base primarily consists of digital technology, innovation, and digital skills. Based on evaluations by three experts, the Semantic Web for digital technology learning in the 21st century, developed using ontology techniques, was rated at a very good level (\bar{x} = 4.52, S.D. = 0.19). The system's performance was also validated, showing precision at 96.25%, recall at 92.08%, and an F-measure of 95.29%, indicating its effectiveness in supporting learning through digital technology.