The therapeutic success of approaches to the gastrointestinal microbiome modulation in the treatment of obesity, metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus

Obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and related metabolic disorders occupy the leading positions on the lists of diseases worldwide. It is not surprising that the efforts of many scientific groups and clinicians are aimed at finding effective therapeutic strategies to treat these diseases. In recent decades, the involvement of the intestinal microbiota in the pathogenesis of metabolic, immune, and other disorders in humans has become increasingly obvious. In this regard, attempts are made to modulate the composition and functional activity of the microbiota as a primary or adjuvant way of treating various disorders. The purpose of this review was to highlight and analyse the results of clinical studies in recent years devoted to the study of various methods of modulating the intestinal microbial community for the treatment of obesity, metabolic syndrome, and T2DM. To achieve this goal, we conducted a systematic search using electronic databases, including Scopus, Medline, and PubMed, limiting the publication period from 2019 to 2024. The conducted analysis showed that the therapeutic success of various methods of modulating intestinal microbiota, on the one hand, indicates the need to take into account the characteristics of the microbial composition of the intestines of patients and direct therapeutic actions to correct dysbiosis; on the other hand, it provides grounds for the widespread introduction of pharmacological or other approaches to correcting the microbiotic composition of the intestine as an effective method of treating obesity and associated metabolic disorders.