Dietary diversity among Sundarbans forest-dependent communities: Prevalence, determinants, and livelihood implications.

The resources of the Sundarbans mangrove forest have provided livelihoods for communities in Bangladesh and India that depend on it. However, the role of the Sundarbans in ensuring the household dietary diversity of Sundarbans mangrove forest resource-dependent communities (SMFRDCs) remains unexplored. Considering the Sustainable Livelihood Approach, this cross-sectional survey study was conducted in three coastal districts (Khulna, Satkhira, and Bagerhat) to assess the prevalence and determinants of dietary diversity among SMFRDCs. Data were collected using a structured interview schedule from 782 households selected through a multistage stratified random sampling process over three months in 2023. Relevant statistical tests were conducted to assess the prevalence of dietary diversity and identify its determinants among households in the immediate vicinity of the Sundarbans. The one-sample binomial test showed that honey collectors and households in Shyamnagar Upazila had higher dietary diversity than those involved in other occupations and residing in other areas. The results of the binary logistic regression analysis indicated that individuals with higher education and those involved in multiple seasonal occupations were more likely to have diversified diets; however, spatial location had an inverse effect on the diets of SMFRDCs. Household assets, including domestic, transport, and livestock assets, as well as livelihood capitals such as social, natural, financial, and political, were positively associated with a diversified diet. In contrast, human and physical capital were negatively associated with household dietary diversity. The findings further show that physical vulnerability, along with household food insecurity, negatively affected dietary diversity among forest-proximate households. To ensure a sustainable, proper, and protein-enriched diet for forest-resource dependent people in the Sundarbans mangrove forest, context-specific, tailored, and well-integrated strategies are needed, including promoting alternative livelihoods, such as climate-smart agriculture, along with awareness regarding the consumption of locally available nutritious foods and government-aided food assistance programs, specifically during seasonal unemployment. Moreover, to improve access to diversified food items essential for the physical and mental development and well-being of forest-adjacent marginalized communities in coastal Bangladesh, certain factors suggested by the Sustainable Livelihood Approach, such as vulnerability, assets, policies and structures, and livelihood strategies, should be considered to ensure the sustainability of livelihood and resources, especially for climate-vulnerable communities.