Research Progress on Source, Limitation and Detection Technology of Per and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Food Contact Paper(食品接触用纸中全氟或多氟烷基化合物的来源、限量及检测技术研究进展)

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) were a class of synthetic chemicals widely used in industrial products and consumer products. Due to their structural diversity and bioaccumulation properties, PFASs were recognized as highly concerned persistent pollutants. PFASs in food contact paper could contaminate food and endanger consumer health. There were various categories of PFASs, usually divided into polymers and non-polymers categories. Non-polymeric PFASs included perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) and their precursors, while polymeric PFASs were mainly perfluoropolyethers (PFPEs) and fluoropolymers polymerized by multiple PFASs. According to the number of carbon atoms in the fluorine segment structure, PFASs were divided into long-chain PFASs with more than 7 carbon atoms and short-chain PFASs. Among them, common perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) were long-chain PFAAs, which were the key substances in research and regulatory supervision. In food contact paper, PFASs came from a wide range of sources, which were not only intentionally added through impregnation, sizing, or coating to improve the performance of paper products but also unintentional addition caused by manufacturing process residues or external environmental pollution. Pollution was common in various types of paper products. Although some traditional PFASs were under control, new PFASs and their precursors were still being detected, and the degree of pollution in different countries and regions was affected by regulatory efforts. In terms of dietary exposure, PFASs in food contact paper could migrate to food and enter the human body through dietary intake. Migration was affected by temperature, time, and food properties. The risks of using fast food paper at high temperatures should be closely monitored.Many countries and regions have implemented controls on PFASs, with different limit requirements. China also prohibited the production, processing, and use of some PFASs and adopted forward inventory management. Detection technologies included quantitative analysis of targeted PFASs, fluorine content screening, and non-targeted analysis of unknown PFASs. In the future, research on PFASs in food contact paper should focus on comprehensive assessment, combining multiple analytical methods, and tracing the source, distribution and toxicity hazards of unknown PFASs to improve regulatory regulations.(全氟或多氟烷基化合物(per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, PFASs)是一类广泛应用于工业制品和消费品中的合成化学物质。由于其具有结构多样性和生物蓄积特性,PFASs被认定为高度关注的持久性污染物。食品接触用纸中的PFASs可能会污染食品,并危害到消费者的健康。PFASs种类多样,通常可分为聚合物和非聚合物两类,非聚合类PFASs包括全氟烷基酸(perfluoroalkyl acids, PFAAs)及其前体物,聚合物PFASs主要是全氟聚醚(perfluoropolyethers, PFPEs)和由多个PFASs聚合而成的含氟聚合物；按氟链段结构中碳原子数,PFASs分为碳原子数量大于7个的长链PFASs和短链PFASs,其中常见的全氟辛烷磺酸(perfluorooctane sulfonic acid, PFOS)、全氟辛酸(perfluorooctanoic acid, PFOA)是长链PFAAs,是研究和法规监管中重点关注的物质。在食品接触用纸中,PFASs 来源广泛,既通过浸渍、施胶或涂层等方式有意添加以提升纸制品性能,也有制造过程残留或外部环境污染导致的非有意添加情况。污染情况在各类纸制品中普遍存在,尽管部分传统 PFASs 受管控,但新型PFASs及其前体物仍不断被检出,且不同国家或地区污染程度受监管力度影响。在膳食暴露方面,食品接触用纸中的 PFASs 可迁移至食品,经饮食摄入进入人体,迁移受温度、时间、食品性质影响,快餐类用纸在高温下使用时的风险需重点关注。多个国家和地区已对 PFASs 实施管控,限量要求各有不同,我国也禁止部分 PFASs 的生产加工使用并采用正向清单管理。检测技术包括靶向 PFASs 定量分析、氟含量筛查及未知 PFASs 非靶向分析。未来食品接触用纸中 PFASs 研究应更注重全面评估,结合多种分析方法,并追溯未知 PFASs 来源、分布与毒性危害,以完善监管法规。)