A Two-Stage Optimization Strategy for Virtual Power Plants Considering the Electricity-Hydrogen Market

As the main body of resource aggregation, virtual power plant (VPP) not only needs to participate in the external energy market, but also needs to optimize the management of internal resources.Different from other energy storage systems, hydrogen energy storage systems can participate in the hydrogen market in addition to the backup and supplement functions of electric energy.For a virtual power plant operator (VPPO), it is necessary to optimize the dispatch of internal resources as well as to develop a bidding strategy for both the electricity and hydrogen markets based on operational conditions and external market information.In this study, a two-stage model was developed, taking into account the interaction mechanism between the internal and external sides.The first stage of the model was based on the operational optimization of the internal resources of renewable energy, flexible load, pumped storage and hydrogen storage systems, while the second stage of the model aimed to optimize the bidding strategy by maximizing the total revenue in the electricity energy market, auxiliary services market and hydrogen market.