Research on the mechanism and prevention technologies of mud and water inrush disasters in tunnels

Tunnel water inrush disasters are characterized by large flow, strong bursts, high water pressure, and various types, making them complex phenomena that involve multi-scale and multi-physical-field coupling. Analyzing the characteristics of adverse geological structures, their development patterns, and damage trends under water pressure is conducive to profoundly revealing the disaster mechanisms caused by mud and water inrush. This study was focused on the evolution of the performance and states of three key elements, water sources, water supply channels, and impermeable rock masses. The dynamic process of disaster evolution of mud and water inrush was firstly analyzed. Based on theories of elasticity, fracture mechanics, and engineering hydraulics, this study then explored the disaster mechanism of compression shear and tensile shear failures. The rock layers between the tunnel excavation face and the water sources were divided into three areas: the stress relaxation zone caused by tunnel excavation, the protection zone of intact rock masses, and the fissure zone. This study proposed optimal protective thickness against mud and water inrush. Additionally, it discussed the technical measures for disaster prevention and control from the perspectives of grouting theory and grouting materials, aiming to enhance the safety of tunnel construction. Tunnel mud and water inrush in tunnels is a complex phenomenon involving multi-scale and multi-physical-field coupling. Such disasters are characterized by substantial concealment, high destructive potential, and low predictability. The structural morphology and constructive forms of the disaster mechanisms are the foundation for revealing the mechanical principles of mud and water inrush. A comprehensive analysis of these structural morphologies and forms facilitates the scientific prediction of the spatial and temporal distribution of such disasters. This enables targeted disaster management and prevention strategies, thereby reducing safety risks for construction machinery, production materials, and personnel on-site.