Exploring the phytochemistry, extraction techniques, and therapeutic potentials of Dryopteris species: a scoping review (2010–2025)

Abstract Dryopteris, often referred to as wood or shield ferns, constitutes a globally ubiquitous genus within the Dryopteridaceae family, thriving in a wide array of habitats that encompass temperate woodlands to tropical montane ecosystems. This investigation examines the phytochemical constituents, extraction methodologies, and biological activities of Dryopteris species documented from 2010 to 2025. Adhering to PRISMA protocols, 77 comprehensive publications were chosen from an initial aggregation of 675 entries sourced from PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. During our review, we identified a total of 34 distinct Dryopteris species, with Dryopteris fragrans, Dryopteris crassirhizoma, and Dryopteris erythrosora emerging as the most extensively researched. The predominant focus of the studies was directed towards leaves, rhizomes, and roots, thereby exposing a substantial knowledge deficit regarding stems and shoots. Total phenolic content (TPC) was frequently extracted utilizing methanol; however, the ideal solvent was found to differ based on the species and specific plant part. While the subterranean components of Dryopteris crassirhizoma demonstrated higher total flavonoid content (TFC), Dryopteris dilatata was noted for its elevated TPC. Contemporary investigations have substantiated the antibacterial, antioxidant, and anticancer properties of Dryopteris, which is also utilized in ethnobotanical practices for the treatment of wounds, infections, and gastrointestinal disorders. This review underscores the imperative for additional research on lesser-studied plant parts and species at risk of extinction to comprehensively apprehend and safeguard the ecological and medicinal potential of Dryopteris.