AR goggle-based information display system for autonomous driving on a hands-free standing vehicle

Abstract This study investigates the effectiveness of an augmented reality (AR) goggle-based information display system for autonomous driving in enhancing the safety of a stand-up personal mobility vehicle (PMV) during autonomous driving. Stand-up PMVs, due to their high center of gravity, pose an increased risk of falling—particularly when the user is distracted or engaged in tasks that reduce situational awareness. Previous research on the use of AR goggles during autonomous driving to optimize travel time utilization revealed potential safety risks associated with visual distraction and impaired balance. To address these concerns, we developed a simplified information display system that utilizes AR goggles to provide the rider with advance notice of upcoming turns, mitigating discomfort and risk from unexpected vehicle maneuvers. We conducted driving experiments with three participants, using a four-wheeled stand-up PMV equipped with an autonomous driving system. The experiment involved three routes with varying turn timings to minimize anticipatory movements. We evaluated the system's effectiveness in reducing fall risk by analyzing foot pressure data and administering a questionnaire survey. The results show that the AR goggle-based information display system for autonomous driving effectively reduces fall risk, particularly when users are engaged in tasks requiring focused attention. The system subconsciously alerts users to upcoming turns, even when their attention is diverted. Positive questionnaire feedback further highlights the system’s potential to enhance both comfort and safety during autonomous PMV operation.