Impact of vitamins A, D, and homocysteine on cardiometabolic multimorbidity in Northwest China

Abstract Objective To investigate the impact of vitamin A (VA), vitamin D (VD), and homocysteine (Hcy) on cardiometabolic multimorbidity (CMM). Methods This study is a cross-sectional study conducted in Ningxia Province, China. A total of 5000 participants aged 25–74 were recruited and divided into two groups based on the definition of cardiometabolic multimorbidity: the CMM group and the Non CMM group. Demographic, lifestyle, and laboratory data were collected to investigate the correlation between vitamin A, D, Hcy levels and CMM risk. The association was analyzed using multiple logistic regression and restricted cubic spline method. Results CMM incidence increased with age, being higher in females (20.05%) compared to males, Hypertension was present in 96.20% of CMM cases. Reduced VD levels correlated with an elevated CMM risk (OR = 1.799, 95% CI: 1.466–2.238), showing an inverse dose-response relationship, even after adjusting for confounders (OR = 1.553, 95% CI: 1.233–1.956). However, VA and Hcy levels were not significantly associated with CMM risk. The inverse correlation between VD status and CMM risk was more pronounced in males, obese individuals, and those with normal blood lipid profiles (P < 0.05). Conclusions The risk of CMM increases with age, especially in women. Inadequate VD status increases vulnerability to CMM, suggesting that optimising VD reduces the risk of CMM.