Association between differentiated HIV care delivery model and low-level viremia among people living with HIV in Rwanda

Abstract Background Low-level viremia (LLV) (HIV-RNA 51–999 copies/mL) is associated with increased risk of non viral load suppression (HIV-RNA ≥ 1000 copies/mL). We assessed the association between differentiated service delivery model (DSDM) and LLV among people living with HIV (PLHIV) in Rwanda. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort analysis using routinely collected data of adults living with HIV from 28-healthcare facilities in Rwanda before and after the introduction of DSDM. Under DSDM, PLHIV initiated treatment within seven days of HIV diagnosis and medication pick-up up to six months for those with sustained viral load suppression suppression. Proportions of LLV at 6,12 and 18 months were quantified. Multivariable log binomial regression models were used to assess the effect of DSDM on LLV. To handle missing data, multiple imputations was performed. Results Of 976 people living with HIV, 645(66.0%) were female and 463(47.4%) initiated treatment during DSDM. The median age was 37 (interquartile range: 32–43) years. LLV was 7.4%, 6.6% and 5.4%, at 6,12 and 18 months, respectively. Compared to those who initiated treatment before DSDM, starting treatment during DSDM increased six-month LLV [adjusted risk ratio (aRR) = 2.8: 95%CI (1.15–6.91)] but not at 12 [aRR = 2.3: 95%CI (0.93–5.75)] and 18 months [aRR = 0.3: 95%CI (0.09–1.20)]. Using imputed datasets, the association between DSDM and LLV persisted. Conclusions DSDM was associated with increased risk of LLV at 6-months. possibly due to the minimal amount of time PLHIV had in pondering and accepting the HIV diagnosis. Continued support is needed among people receiving early antiretroviral therapy initiation to prevent development of LLV.