A Hybrid Model for Early Melanoma Detection: Integrating YOLOv9 and Faster R-CNN for Enhanced Diagnostic Accuracy

Melanoma accounts for only 1% of skin cancer diagnoses yet causes the majority of skin cancer-related deaths due to its rapid progression and high metastatic potential. Early and accurate detection is crucial for improving patient outcomes; however, existing deep learning models often struggle to balance diagnostic precision with real-time efficiency. This study presents the Melano Hybrid Model, a novel architecture that integrates the rapid detection capabilities of YOLOv9 with the boundary localization accuracy of Faster R-CNN through an adaptive feature fusion mechanism. The model was rigorously evaluated on three benchmark datasets&#x2014;ISIC 2019, HAM10000, and ISIC 2020&#x2014;using 5-fold cross-validation. On ISIC 2020, the hybrid model achieved a 96.2% classification accuracy (95% CI: 95.8&#x2013;96.6%) and a 95.1% F1-score (95% CI: 94.7&#x2013;95.5%), significantly outperforming standalone models (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$p\lt 0.001$ </tex-math></inline-formula>). The architecture delivers an average inference speed of 31.3 frames per second (FPS), surpassing clinical real-time thresholds. Additionally, computational profiling confirms its practical feasibility with 78.3 million parameters, 134.8 GFLOPs, and a 324 MB memory footprint. These results support the hybrid framework as a robust AI-assisted tool for real-world melanoma screening, offering an optimal trade-off between speed and diagnostic performance.