A novel turn-off functionalized potentiometric probe for antiparkinsonian drugs: advancing sustainability and white chemistry

To detect memantine hydrochloride (MEM) and pramipexole dihydrochloride monohydrate (PDM) in pure form, pharmaceutical dosage forms, and spiked human plasma with improved speed and sensitivity, this study presents a novel potentiometric strategy using functionalized magnetic nano-sized iron oxide particles (5 nm) with 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (2HP-β-CD). These particles were incorporated into the internal solution of the sensor electrode. Performance surpassed previous sensors due to the unique properties of magnetic iron oxide, which enhanced sensitivity and selectivity. Electrochemical evaluation followed IUPAC standards. Linearity was observed for MEM and PDM within 1 × 10−7–1 × 10-² M & 1 × 10−8–1 × 10-² M, respectively. Six weeks of replicate calibration graphs confirmed long-term potential stability and repeatability. Accuracy was validated using the standard addition technique. Experimental variables such as plasticizer type, pH influence, temperature fluctuations, foreign substance interference, and nanoparticle concentration were optimized. This method reflects principles of sustainability by combining excellent analytical performance with environmental and economic benefits. The high whiteness score, assessed via the RGB12 tool, confirms its alignment with white chemistry. This work demonstrates that true sustainability requires not only green practices but also comprehensive attention to analytical efficiency, eco-friendliness, and affordability.