Comparative environmental assessment of 3D concrete printing with engineered cementitious composites

Engineered cementitious composites (ECC) with superior tensile properties have potential to print self-reinforced structures. However, the environmental performance of 3D concrete printing with ECC (3DP-ECC) lacks further investigation. This study evaluates the environmental impacts of structures printed with 3DP-ECC via life cycle assessment. Results show that 3DP-ECC incorporating incineration bottom ash (IBA), crumb rubber (CR), and limestone powder (LP) reduce carbon emission by 25%, 24%, and 47%, respectively, compared to that of reinforced concrete (RC) with a steel ratio of 1.01%. A frame structure printed by LP-ECC reduces carbon emission by 42% compared to that of the unit fabricated by mold-cast RC (MC-RC). A circle house printed by LP-ECC reduces carbon emission by 28% compared to that of the counterpart fabricated by MC-RC. Sensitivity analysis identifies the transportation distance range to achieve a sustainable 3DCP. The findings provide a guideline to select appropriate 3DP-ECC and construction methods for sustainable construction.