Gender differences in PERMA well-being among University students: a network analysis

While gender differences in well-being are widely studied, the interaction of the PERMA dimensions (positive emotion, engagement, relationships, meaning, and accomplishment) across genders remains unclear, leaving gaps in understanding the psychological dynamics of flourishing. This study aims to examine gender differences in the network structure of PERMA well-being among university students, focusing on variations in global connectivity, centralities, and specific edge strengths. A total of 946 students participated in the study. The network analysis was applied to identify the network structures that determine the concentrations and interconnections of PERMA indicators in men and women. Results showed that overall network strength and structure were similar across genders. However, local differences were observed, with accomplishment more central for men and some emotional–relational connections differing between groups. These findings present a different perspective on gendered well-being patterns, emphasizing the need for developing tailored interventions in educational settings that account for these subtle differences.