Two‐stage low‐carbon scheduling of integrated energy system based on carbon emission flow model

Abstract Under the influence of environmental pollution and energy scarcity, integrated energy systems (IES) have received extensive attention in the field of energy supply due to their ability to consume renewable energy and enhance energy utilization. In the context of low‐carbon scheduling for IES, numerous studies calculate the system's carbon emissions based on the carbon emission coefficients of energy devices. However, IES is a multi‐energy coupling system in which a device's energy input can originate from multiple sources with varying degrees of carbon emissions, making it difficult to accurately calculate the resulting carbon emissions using fixed coefficients. Consequently, a carbon emission flow (CEF) model is constructed for the system to calculate carbon emissions. In addition to the basic input–output CEF model, the CEF model for energy storage devices is considered, and carbon emission constraints during system operation are formulated based on the CEF model. Furthermore, many studies on low‐carbon scheduling of IES overlook the uncertainties associated with load and renewable energy. Therefore, a two‐stage scheduling model consisting of day‐ahead stage and intra‐day stage is developed to achieve reliable energy supply. Finally, through experiments, the low‐carbon performance and reliability of the model are validated.