From ferromagnetic semiconductor to antiferromagnetic metal in epitaxial Cr x Te y monolayers

Abstract Chromium ditelluride, CrTe2, is an attractive candidate van der Waals material for hosting 2D magnetism. However, how the room-temperature ferromagnetism of the bulk evolves as the sample is thinned to the single-layer limit has proved controversial. This, in part, reflects its metastable nature, vs. a series of more stable self-intercalation compounds with higher relative Cr:Te stoichiometry. Here, exploiting a recently developed method for enhancing nucleation in molecular-beam epitaxy growth of transition-metal chalcogenides, we demonstrate the selective stabilisation of high-coverage CrTe2 and Cr2+ε Te3 epitaxial monolayers. Combining X-ray magnetic circular dichroism, scanning tunnelling microscopy, and temperature-dependent angle-resolved photoemission, we demonstrate that both compounds order magnetically with a similar T C. We find, however, that monolayer CrTe2 forms as an antiferromagnetic metal, while monolayer Cr2+ε Te3 hosts an intrinsic ferromagnetic semiconducting state. This work thus demonstrates that control over the self-intercalation of metastable Cr-based chalcogenides provides a powerful route for tuning both their metallicity and magnetic structure, establishing the CrxTey system as a flexible materials class for future 2D spintronics.