Flexible ferroelectric biomaterials for skin, neural, and musculoskeletal tissue repair

Abstract Musculoskeletal, neural, and skin injuries present significant clinical challenges due to limited regenerative capacity and complex physiological interactions. Ferroelectric biomaterials—including PVDF, P(VDF-TrFE), BaTiO₃, BiFeO₃, KNN, and PLLA—have emerged as promising candidates for tissue repair owing to their electromechanical responsiveness and biocompatibility. Extensive research has focused on their cross-coupling effects to develop high-performance biomaterials. However, progress in ferroelectric materials for tissue repair remains comparatively fragmented, primarily due to the poorly understood and multifaceted interplay between material performance and biological responses. This review systematically examines the role of ferroelectric biomaterials in modulating biological processes, with emphasis on their cross-coupling effects in cellular behavior and tissue regeneration. We further analyze how key fabrication techniques influence material properties and therapeutic outcomes. By integrating design principles, material science, and biological efficacy, this work provides a comprehensive framework for developing ferroelectric biomaterials as self-powered, adaptive, and clinically viable solutions for regenerative medicine.