Unsteady three-dimensional interaction between propeller tip vortices and a downstream turbulent boundary layer

This study quantifies the viscous interaction between propeller tip vortices and a turbulent boundary layer developing over a semi-elliptic leading-edge plate, located downstream. The experimental wind-tunnel set-up is designed to be representative of the tractor–propeller–wing configuration. Using stereoscopic particle image velocimetry and static wall-pressure measurements, the near-wall flow topology is resolved over the plate, semi-immersed in the propeller slipstream. The results show that the interaction exhibits high spatio-temporal coherence and is dominated by a coupling between primary and secondary vortical structures. Two distinct interaction regions are identified relative to the tip-vortex core: on the inboard side, towards the slipstream interior, the boundary-layer flow experiences strong velocity gradient transitions and amplified near-wall vorticity. The flow on the outboard side, moving out of the slipstream, exhibits wall-parallel velocity deficits and vorticity lift-up consistent with unsteady vortex-induced separation mechanisms. Spanwise velocity induced by the wall-normal component of the primary vortex connects these two regions, with the secondary vortex structure identified as enhancing boundary-layer lift-up on the outboard side. Although no local flow reversal occurs under the tested conditions, localised shear amplification and vorticity roll-up indicative of separation-like behaviour were observed. These findings advance the understanding of viscous slipstream–boundary-layer interaction and its implications for tractor–propeller–wing integration.