Sustainable and low-cost biomass derived adsorbents for the removal of toxic contaminants from wastewater: Approaches and future perspective

Globally, human activity and fast modernization have an impact on the ecological and economic aspects. These factors have led to the generation of complex wastewater consisting of recalcitrant toxic and carcinogenic contaminants. The inaccuracy of the traditional treatment techniques using traditional adsorbents to lower the concentration of pollutants below desired standards has paved the way for technological advancements in the synthesis method and operating conditions. Hence, this has become highly imperative to utilize effective and advanced remediation strategies for the removal of pollutants. Several remediation strategies were put forth and were effective because of their unique characteristics such as their affordability, adaptability, and simplicity of use. The present review article organizes the scattered available information on potential and abundant biomass-derived low-cost adsorbents for the effective removal of toxic contaminants. It has been discovered that biomass-derived adsorbents are extremely effective, alternative, and carbon–neutral offering a new perspective on the modular adsorption process.