Trends of solid waste generation during COVID-19 Pandemic: A review

The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted global waste management, highlighting the need for adaptable practices. Health and safety took precedence over environmental concerns, resulting in significant shifts in municipal solid waste management. The increased use of personal protective equipment (PPE) like masks and gloves led to a surge in plastic and fiber waste. Changes in consumer behavior, such as online shopping and food delivery, also contributed to higher household waste. Improper waste management posed secondary transmission risks. Healthcare waste, generated in hospitals and quarantine centers, correlated with rising COVID-19 infections. Inadequate practices, including traditional open incineration, exposed communities to toxins. This review examines waste management trends in hospitals and households across various regions during the pandemic. It also discusses waste collectors' challenges and strategies for achieving zero waste. Findings from this study showed that the pandemic's impact on municipal solid waste generation varied across regions, influenced by economic factors. Low-income countries generated less waste per capita than high-income countries. While some regions experienced a reduction in municipal waste due to reduced economic and industrial activities during the pandemic, household waste increased in many countries, driven by changes in consumer behavior and the widespread adoption of PPE. The management of used surgical masks emerged as a significant environmental challenge, with billions of masks discarded monthly, contributing to plastic pollution. Improper disposal of PPE and surgical masks in many developing nations posed health hazards, clogging landfills, and littering the environment. Addressing this issue is crucial to maintaining environmental sustainability. In conclusion, the COVID-19 pandemic brought unique challenges to waste management, necessitating adaptability and innovative solutions. Proper waste management practices are essential to safeguarding public health, preventing environmental pollution, and ensuring a sustainable future.