Suffering with Christ: Emic christian coping and relation to well-being

Current measures of religious coping are generally etic in nature, measuring constructs across religions. Emic variables (i.e., those specific to particular religions) are often left out, which limits our ability to assess religious/spiritual coping during times of stress and adversity. Here we provide findings from three studies we conducted to develop and test an emic Christian meaning-making coping method: identifying with Christ in his suffering. We ground this construct in Christian theology, the psychology of religious/spiritual coping literature, and existing qualitative research. In the first study, we developed items and tested the items for clarity and generalizability to diverse Christian groups using expert review and cognitive interviewing with participants from five distinct Christian groups. In the second study, we conducted exploratory factor analysis using data from MTurk (N ​= ​335), which revealed a two-factor structure consistent with our theoretical formulation. In the third study, we established factor stability and construct validity using data from Prolific (N ​= ​355). Because we conceptualize identification with Christ in his suffering as a form of meaning-making coping, in this third study we also explored the relationship of the measure to well-being using incremental validity analyses. We found that identification with Christ in suffering predicted measures of well-being above and beyond the variance explained by etic religious coping measures. Collectively, these results highlight the value of emic religious measures of coping with suffering.