Impact of green alcohol blend fuels on particulate matter emission and metal concentration of lubricating oil in spark ignition engine

Alcoholic fuels have lately been found to be a viable source of power for contemporary cars. Particles pose a major hazard to both human health and the biosphere. These days, strict pollution regulations make fuel and combustion system improvements insufficient. Lubricant use is another important element that contributes to the degradation of engine PM emissions, in addition to fuel. Understanding how lubricants impact the composition and properties of PM is essential for both reducing PM formation and maximizing PM oxidation. The effects of alcoholic fuels on engine performance and emissions have been the subject of numerous studies. There has been concern that this would result in more particulate matter being discharged with the exhaust, which would have a detrimental effect on the air quality. This study examines the size-distribution of uncontrolled particulate matter (PM) generated along with exhaust gases. PM exhaust emissions were examined with the engine running at a constant 1500 rpm and a constant load. 10% (G90E10) ethanol and 10% (G90nBn10) n-butanol were added to ethanol-gasoline and n-butanol-gasoline fuel mixtures in order to evaluate their engine characteristics and lubricating oil condition with those of pure gasoline. In order to determine the rate of deterioration, the characteristics of the lubricating oil were evaluated following 200 h of engine use, as advised by the manufacturer. A reciprocating test rig was used to obtain the trial results every 20 h. The wear metals lead (0.030, 0.029, and 0.023 PPM), cobalt (0.0062, 0.0046, and 0.0038 PPM), and cadmium (0.0033, 0.0032, and 0.0026 PPM) were measured for the lubrication oil examination. In general, N-butanol reduces pollutants, engine wear debris, and lubricating oil oxidation. Additionally shown are the variations in the viscosity of the lubricant oil before and after 200 h of use.