Advancements and challenges in Si-based solid-state batteries: From anode design to manufacturing processes

Silicon-based solid-state batteries (Si-SSBs) are now a leading trend in energy storage technology, offering greater energy density and enhanced safety than traditional lithium-ion batteries. This review addresses the complex challenges and recent progress in Si-SSBs, with a focus on Si anodes and battery manufacturing methods. It critically analyzes the lithiation process in Si anodes, emphasizing the significant volumetric expansion and evolving solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI), both of which are crucial for the electrochemical performance and durability of batteries. Innovations in anode design, such as morphological optimization and compositional alloying, have been explored to reduce mechanical stress and improve the electrochemical properties. Moreover, we elaborate in detail the essential steps in the layer-by-layer construction and encapsulation of Si-SSBs, which are vital for their stability and function. Finally, this review offers a thorough examination of present scientific and technological developments, providing insights and prospective pathways for researchers and industry professionals dedicated to advancing SSB technology.