DOAJ Open Access 2025

International norms for adult handgrip strength: A systematic review of data on 2.4 million adults aged 20 to 100+ years from 69 countries and regions

Grant R. Tomkinson Justin J. Lang Lukáš Rubín Ryan McGrath Bethany Gower +135 lainnya

Abstrak

Background: Muscular strength is a powerful marker of current health status and robust predictor of age-related disease and disability. Handgrip strength (HGS) using isometric dynamometry is a convenient, feasible, and widely used method of assessing muscular strength among people of all ages. While adult HGS norms have been published for many countries, no study has yet synthesized available data to produce international norms. The objective of this study was to generate international sex- and age-specific norms for absolute and body size-normalized HGS across the adult lifespan. Methods: Systematic searches were conducted in 6 databases/web search engines (MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus, Embase, Web of Science, CINAHL, and Google Scholar) up to December 1, 2023. We included full-text peer-reviewed observational studies that reported normative HGS data for adults aged ≥20 years by sex and age. Pseudo data were generated using Monte Carlo simulation following harmonization for methodological variation. Population-weighted Generalized Additive Models for Location, Scale, and Shape were used to develop sex- and age-specific norms for absolute HGS (kg) and HGS normalized by height (Ht, m) squared (i.e., HGS/Ht2 in kg/m2). Norms were tabulated as percentile values (5th to 95th) and visualized as smoothed percentile curves. Results: We included data from 100 unique observational studies representing 2,405,863 adults (51.9% female) aged 20 to 100+ years from 69 countries and regions tested from the year 2000 onward. On average, absolute and normalized HGS values negligibly improved throughout early adulthood, peaked from age 30–39 years (at 49.7 kg (males) and 29.7 kg (females) for absolute HGS or 16.3 kg/m2 (males) and 11.3 kg/m2 (females) for HGS/Ht2), and declined afterwards. The age-related decline in HGS accelerated from middle to late adulthood and was slightly larger for males than for females during middle adulthood. Conclusion: This study provides the world's largest and most geographically comprehensive international norms for adult HGS by sex and age. These norms have utility for global peer-comparisons, health screening, and surveillance.

Topik & Kata Kunci

Sports Sports medicine

Penulis (140)

Grant R. Tomkinson

Justin J. Lang

Lukáš Rubín

Ryan McGrath

Bethany Gower

Terry Boyle

Marilyn G. Klug

Alexandra J. Mayhew

Henry T. Blake

Francisco B. Ortega

Cristina Cadenas-Sanchez

Costan G. Magnussen

Brooklyn J. Fraser

Tetsuhiro Kidokoro

Yang Liu

Kaare Christensen

Darryl P. Leong

Mette Aadahl

Edimansyah Abdin

Julian Alcazar

Aqeel Alenazi

Bader Alqahtani

Cledir De A. Amaral

Thatiana L.M. Amaral

Alex Andrade Fernandes

Peter Axelsson

Jennifer N. Baldwin

Karin Bammann

Aline R. Barbosa

Ameline Bardo

Inosha Bimali

Peter Bjerregaard

Martin Bobak

Colin A. Boreham

Klaus Bös

João Carlos Bouzas Marins

Joshua Burns

Nadezda Capkova

Lilia Castillo-Martínez

Liang-Kung Chen

Siu Ming Choi

Rebecca K.J. Choong

Susana C. Confortin

Cyrus Cooper

Jorge E. Correa-Bautista

Amandine Cournil

Grace Cruz

Eling D. de Bruin

José Antonio De Paz

Bruno De Souza Moreira

Luiz Antonio Dos Anjos

María Cristina Enríquez Reyna

Eduardo Ferriolli

Gillian Forrester

Elena Frolova

Abadi K. Gebre

Atef M. Ghaleb

Tiffany K. Gill

Yasuyuki Gondo

M. Cristina Gonzalez

Citlali Gonzalez Alvarez

Mary K. Hannah

Nicholas C. Harvey

Jean-Yves Hogrel

Marie-Theres Huemer

Toshiko Iidaka

Lewis A. Ingram

Dmitri A. Jdanov

Victoria L. Keevil

Wolfgang Kemmler

Rose Anne Kenny

Dae-Yeon Kim

Tracy L. Kivell

Ingirid G.H. Kjær

Alexander Kluttig

Rumi Kozakai

Danit Langer

Lisbeth A. Larsen

Wei-Ju Lee

David A. Leon

Eric Lichtenstein

Bertis B. Little

Roberto Alves Lourenço

Rahul Malhotra

Robert M. Malina

Kiyoaki Matsumoto

Tal Mazor-Karsenty

Marnee J. McKay

Sinéad McLoughlin

Abhishek L. Mensegere

Mostafa Mohammadian

Virgilio Garcia Moreira

Hiroshi Murayama

Anne Murray

Anita Liberalesso Neri

Claudia Niessner

Gabriel Núñez Othón

Gabriel Olveira

Suzanne G. Orchard

Andrezj Pajak

Chan Woong Park

Julie A. Pasco

Maria E. Peña Reyes

Leani Souza Máximo Pereira

Annette Peters

Eric Tsz-Chun Poon

Margareth C. Portela

Jedd Pratt

Robinson Ramírez-Vélez

Wendy Rodríguez-García

Joanne Ryan

Mauricio A. San-Martín

Francisco José Sánchez-Torralvo

Mahnaz Saremi

Arno Schmidt-Trucksäss

Satoshi Seino

Shamsul Azhar Shah

Marc Sim

Bjørn Heine Strand

Mythily Subramaniam

Charlotte Suetta

Sophia X. Sui

Jonas S. Sundarakumar

Koya Suzuki

Abdonas Tamosiunas

Maw Pin Tan

Yu Taniguchi

Barbara Thorand

Anna Turusheva

Anne Therese Tveter

Jonathan Wagner

Dao Wang

Stuart J. Warden

Julia Wearing

Shiou Liang Wee

Leo D. Westbury

Agnieszka Wiśniowska-Szurlej

Alexander Woll

Noriko Yoshimura

Ruby Yu

Format Sitasi

APA MLA BibTeX

Tomkinson, G.R., Lang, J.J., Rubín, L., McGrath, R., Gower, B., Boyle, T. et al. (2025). International norms for adult handgrip strength: A systematic review of data on 2.4 million adults aged 20 to 100+ years from 69 countries and regions. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2024.101014

@article{tomkinson2025, author = {Grant R. Tomkinson and Justin J. Lang and Lukáš Rubín and Ryan McGrath and Bethany Gower and Terry Boyle and Marilyn G. Klug and Alexandra J. Mayhew and Henry T. Blake and Francisco B. Ortega and Cristina Cadenas-Sanchez and Costan G. Magnussen and Brooklyn J. Fraser and Tetsuhiro Kidokoro and Yang Liu and Kaare Christensen and Darryl P. Leong and Mette Aadahl and Edimansyah Abdin and Julian Alcazar and Aqeel Alenazi and Bader Alqahtani and Cledir De A. Amaral and Thatiana L.M. Amaral and Alex Andrade Fernandes and Peter Axelsson and Jennifer N. Baldwin and Karin Bammann and Aline R. Barbosa and Ameline Bardo and Inosha Bimali and Peter Bjerregaard and Martin Bobak and Colin A. Boreham and Klaus Bös and João Carlos Bouzas Marins and Joshua Burns and Nadezda Capkova and Lilia Castillo-Martínez and Liang-Kung Chen and Siu Ming Choi and Rebecca K.J. Choong and Susana C. Confortin and Cyrus Cooper and Jorge E. Correa-Bautista and Amandine Cournil and Grace Cruz and Eling D. de Bruin and José Antonio De Paz and Bruno De Souza Moreira and Luiz Antonio Dos Anjos and María Cristina Enríquez Reyna and Eduardo Ferriolli and Gillian Forrester and Elena Frolova and Abadi K. Gebre and Atef M. Ghaleb and Tiffany K. Gill and Yasuyuki Gondo and M. Cristina Gonzalez and Citlali Gonzalez Alvarez and Mary K. Hannah and Nicholas C. Harvey and Jean-Yves Hogrel and Marie-Theres Huemer and Toshiko Iidaka and Lewis A. Ingram and Dmitri A. Jdanov and Victoria L. Keevil and Wolfgang Kemmler and Rose Anne Kenny and Dae-Yeon Kim and Tracy L. Kivell and Ingirid G.H. Kjær and Alexander Kluttig and Rumi Kozakai and Danit Langer and Lisbeth A. Larsen and Wei-Ju Lee and David A. Leon and Eric Lichtenstein and Bertis B. Little and Roberto Alves Lourenço and Rahul Malhotra and Robert M. Malina and Kiyoaki Matsumoto and Tal Mazor-Karsenty and Marnee J. McKay and Sinéad McLoughlin and Abhishek L. Mensegere and Mostafa Mohammadian and Virgilio Garcia Moreira and Hiroshi Murayama and Anne Murray and Anita Liberalesso Neri and Claudia Niessner and Gabriel Núñez Othón and Gabriel Olveira and Suzanne G. Orchard and Andrezj Pajak and Chan Woong Park and Julie A. Pasco and Maria E. Peña Reyes and Leani Souza Máximo Pereira and Annette Peters and Eric Tsz-Chun Poon and Margareth C. Portela and Jedd Pratt and Robinson Ramírez-Vélez and Wendy Rodríguez-García and Joanne Ryan and Mauricio A. San-Martín and Francisco José Sánchez-Torralvo and Mahnaz Saremi and Arno Schmidt-Trucksäss and Satoshi Seino and Shamsul Azhar Shah and Marc Sim and Bjørn Heine Strand and Mythily Subramaniam and Charlotte Suetta and Sophia X. Sui and Jonas S. Sundarakumar and Koya Suzuki and Abdonas Tamosiunas and Maw Pin Tan and Yu Taniguchi and Barbara Thorand and Anna Turusheva and Anne Therese Tveter and Jonathan Wagner and Dao Wang and Stuart J. Warden and Julia Wearing and Shiou Liang Wee and Leo D. Westbury and Agnieszka Wiśniowska-Szurlej and Alexander Woll and Noriko Yoshimura and Ruby Yu}, title = {International norms for adult handgrip strength: A systematic review of data on 2.4 million adults aged 20 to 100+ years from 69 countries and regions}, year = {2025}, journal = {DOAJ}, doi = {10.1016/j.jshs.2024.101014}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2095254624001741}, }

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Informasi Jurnal

Tahun Terbit: 2025
Sumber Database: DOAJ
DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2024.101014
Akses: Open Access ✓