The impact of economic growth on public health and well-being: An empirical analysis of Saudi Arabia

Economic growth profoundly influences public health, however, its effects on specific health indicators can diverge. This study investigates the relationship between economic growth and health outcomes in Saudi Arabia, focusing on Infant Mortality Rate (IMR), Life Expectancy at Birth (LEB), and adult obesity prevalence (Ob18 +). Utilizing secondary data from the World Bank (2000–2023), supplemented by the Saudi General Authority for Statistics and the World Health Organization, we applied descriptive statistics, independent t-tests, standard normal distribution tests, exponential smoothing, and ARIMA modeling to assess trends and associations. Findings reveal a significant inverse relationship between IMR and economic indicators, highlighting improvements in child health and longevity. Conversely, rising Ob18 + rates, particularly among females, correlate with increasing GDP and GNI per capita, reflecting dietary and lifestyle shifts. Hypothesis testing confirms statistically significant gender disparities in Ob18 + levels and a national prevalence exceeding the global average. This study addresses a notable gap in the literature by providing obesity-specific time-series analysis within the Saudi context. While economic growth enhances healthcare access and longevity, it also contributes to obesity-related health risks. Policy interventions focusing on preventive healthcare, nutrition education, and lifestyle modifications are essential to mitigate obesity-related challenges while sustaining economic-driven health improvements.