A scoping review of overweight and obesity prevalence and determinants among immigrant adults in Nordic countries

Background: Overweight and obesity are major public health challenges worldwide and are disproportionately prevalent among immigrant populations in Western countries, including the Nordic region. However, evidence on their determinants and effective prevention strategies within Nordic immigrant populations remains fragmented. Purpose: This study aims to map existing research on the prevalence, determinants, and interventions related to overweight and obesity among adult immigrants in Nordic countries. Method: A scoping review of peer-reviewed studies published between 2013 and 2023 was conducted using CINAHL, PsycINFO, PubMed, and Web of Science to systematically synthesize evidence on these themes. Results: Immigrants generally exhibited higher rates of overweight and obesity compared with native-born populations, with specific groups such as Somali and Iraqi immigrant women experiencing notably elevated prevalence. Key determinants included low physical activity, high-energy diets, socioeconomic disadvantage, acculturation challenges, and prolonged residence in the host country. Interventions included culturally adapted prevention programs promoting healthier diets, increased physical activity, and lifestyle modification. Promising approaches included gender-specific groups led by culturally sensitive health coaches, cooking classes with motivational support, and community-based physical activity initiatives. Conclusion: Addressing obesity among immigrant populations in the Nordic region requires culturally responsive, community-engaged, and evidence-informed public health strategies. This review emphasizes the importance of integrating cultural competence, gender sensitivity, and structural supports to promote healthy lifestyles and advance equity in obesity prevention.