Anti-inflammatory effects of Glycyrrhiza glabra homeopathic formulations in a rat model of lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation

Background: Inflammation plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of various chronic diseases. Alternative therapies, such as homeopathy, have gained attention for their potential in managing inflammatory conditions. Glycyrrhiza glabra, commonly known as licorice, is well-documented for its anti-inflammatory properties in herbal medicine. However, its efficacy in homeopathic formulations remains largely unexplored. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory potential of different homeopathic potencies of Glycyrrhiza glabra against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in rats. Methods: Male Wistar rats were divided into seven groups: normal control, LPS-induced inflammation control, dexamethasone-treated, Glycyrrhiza glabra homeopathic mother tincture (GHMT)-treated, and groups treated with Glycyrrhiza glabra homeopathic potency (G6CH, G30CH, G200CH). Anti-inflammatory effects of GHMT, G6CH, G30CH, and G200CH were evaluated against LPS-induced inflammation by measuring paw volume, serum pro-inflammatory cytokine levels [tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6)], levels of oxidative stress biomarkers (superoxide dismutase, glutathione, and catalase) in paw tissues, and histopathological changes in inflamed paw tissues. Results: The results demonstrated a significant reduction in paw volume in GHMT and G200CH-treated groups (p<0.0001) as compared to the inflammation control group. Additionally, the levels of serum TNF-α and IL-6 were significantly lowered (p<0.0001), and oxidative stress biomarkers showed significant improvement (p<0.0001) in GHMT and G200CH-treated groups. Histopathological examination further confirmed the reversal of inflammation-induced tissue changes by G. glabra homeopathic formulations, indicating its anti-inflammatory activity. Conclusion: These findings provide scientific evidence supporting the anti-inflammatory potential of homeopathic formulations of Glycyrrhiza glabra, particularly GHMT and G200CH. The study suggests that these homeopathic potencies could serve as promising alternative anti-inflammatory agents, warranting further research to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms.