Strategy for the treatment of spontaneous isolated visceral artery dissection

Objectives: To determine the incidence of rare spontaneous isolated visceral artery dissection (SIVAD), characterize its pathogenesis, and suggest treatment strategies. Materials and Methods: We reviewed abdominal contrast-enhanced computed-tomography (CE-CT) scans from January 2005 to December 2016 retrospectively in our institution, identified 47 SIVAD patients and classified them into a symptomatic (n = 22) or asymptomatic group (n = 25). Further, we classified the five types based on the CE-CT images. Patient characteristics, incidence, vascular risk factors, complications, symptoms, treatments outcomes, and morphology features on CE-CT images were analyzed. Results: SIVAD was seen on 0.09% of all abdominal CE-CT scans, and 0.68% of all abdominal CT-CT scans obtained for the evaluation of acute abdominal symptoms. The asymptomatic group had significantly fewer patients with periarterial fat stranding or branch vessel involvement on CE-CT images (p < 0.01). The mean length of the dissection was longer in the symptomatic group (p < 0.05). In the asymptomatic group, dissection-related abdominal symptoms and complications did not develop; followed-up CE-CT scans showed improvement in the dissection lesions in 1 (4.0%) patient, no changes in 22 (88.0%), and complete remodeling in 2 (8.0%). In the symptomatic group, one patient presented with organ ischemia at diagnosis and five patients developed organ ischemia underwent endovascular intervention. In the remaining 16 patients received nonoperative intervention only, followed-up CE-CT scans showed improvement in 13 (86.7%), and complete remodeling in 2 (13.3%). Conclusions: Symptomatic SIVAD patients should be hospitalized because some of those may experience organ ischemia or aneurysm formation. Endovascular intervention is a feasible treatment for complications of SIVAD. Keywords: Celiac artery, Mesenteric artery, Dissection, Endovascular intervention, Stent, Coil