Silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) embedded in zeolite framework: A comprehensive study on bromide removal from water, including characterization, antibacterial properties, and adsorption mechanisms

In this comprehensive study, a novel adsorbent material comprising silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) zeolite composite was synthesized and characterized for its efficacy in removing bromide ions from water. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analyses confirmed the successful integration of Ag-NPs within the zeolite framework, ensuring structural integrity and chemical composition. Under varying operational conditions, the batch experiments consistently exhibited the zeolite with Ag-NPs as superior in bromide removal efficacy compared to zeolite alone, both achieving over 96% removal efficiency. Moreover, the adsorption kinetics aligned well with a second-order reaction model. Furthermore, column studies revealed that zeolite with Ag-NPs performed better than zeolite in maintaining efficient bromide removal over extended durations, highlighting its long-term operational potential. Thermodynamic investigations indicated the exothermic and spontaneous nature of the bromide ion adsorption process, supported by negative ΔG° values. Across temperatures ranging from 22 to 52 °C, the ΔG° values were observed to range from − 1.275 to − 0.049 kJ/mol for bromide removal using zeolite and − 1.90 to − 0.909 kJ/mol for zeolite+Ag-NPs, indicating their favorable adsorption characteristics. Furthermore, the study revealed the remarkable antimicrobial properties of the zeolite with Ag-NPs, as evidenced by a significant reduction in bacterial growth compared to pure zeolite, suggesting its dual application potential for both bromide removal and water disinfection. In conclusion, the integration of Ag-NPs into zeolite represents a promising potential for sustainable and multifunctional water treatment solutions.