Sanitary ware waste in eco-friendly Portland blended cement: Potential use as supplementary cementitious material

The sanitary ware industry led to significant waste generation with a long biodegradation period. To produce eco-friendly Portland blended cement, partial Portland cement (PC) substitution is proposed, reducing clinker consumption and mitigating adverse environmental impacts. This paper assessed the pozzolanic activity and the filler effect of clay-based sanitary ware waste (CSW) to study its feasibility of reutilization as a supplementary cementitious material (SCM). After being collected, the samples underwent a preparation process consisting of drying and sieving. The waste replaced 0 to 25 wt% PC. The CSW powder was characterized by laser diffraction granulometry, X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The pozzolanic activity was assessed by compressive strength test, isothermal calorimetry, and electrical conductivity. Durability was considered by acid attack, and the hardened mortar proprieties were shown. The utilization of CSW blended with PC is feasible for producing eco-friendly binders.