Review on the contribution of farming practices and technologies towards climate-smart agricultural outcomes in a European context

The aim of this review was to provide an overview of existing farming practices and technologies in Europe by assessing their contribution to climate-smart agricultural (CSA) outcomes. Following the PRISMA protocol, 110 final selected studies were scrutinized. Altogether 74 different practices and technologies were identified. Using an inductive approach, the identified practices and technologies were categorized, and their potential contribution towards contextualized CSA outcomes—productivity, resilience, GHG mitigation, biodiversity improvement, animal welfare support, water and energy use efficiency—was assessed. Among CSA farming practices, this review highlighted legume-based cover crops, crop rotation, intercropping, and crop diversification as having promising potential to achieve CSA outcomes. Among CSA technologies, precision fertilization, crop protection, and irrigation showed promising potential. Moreover, pasture grazing, legume-based feed additives, improved forage production and holistic husbandry management with precision technologies were identified as promising contributors to CSA outcomes. The review emphasizes that the utilization of smart farming technologies and practices in crop and livestock production systems could positively contribute to achieving one or more outcomes. Overall, the GHG mitigation and farm productivity improvement outcomes were relatively well covered in the reviewed literature. Improvements in biodiversity, water and energy use efficiency, and animal welfare outcomes are not well demonstrated within the identified studies.