DOAJ Open Access 2025

Changing life expectancy in European countries 1990–2021: a subanalysis of causes and risk factors from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Nicholas Steel Clarissa Maria Mercedes Bauer-Staeb John A Ford Cristiana Abbafati Mohammed Altigani Abdalla +612 lainnya

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Summary: Background: Decades of steady improvements in life expectancy in Europe slowed down from around 2011, well before the COVID-19 pandemic, for reasons which remain disputed. We aimed to assess how changes in risk factors and cause-specific death rates in different European countries related to changes in life expectancy in those countries before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: We used data and methods from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2021 to compare changes in life expectancy at birth, causes of death, and population exposure to risk factors in 16 European Economic Area countries (Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, and Sweden) and the four UK nations (England, Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales) for three time periods: 1990–2011, 2011–19, and 2019–21. Changes in life expectancy and causes of death were estimated with an established life expectancy cause-specific decomposition method, and compared with summary exposure values of risk factors for the major causes of death influencing life expectancy. Findings: All countries showed mean annual improvements in life expectancy in both 1990–2011 (overall mean 0·23 years [95% uncertainty interval [UI] 0·23 to 0·24]) and 2011–19 (overall mean 0·15 years [0·13 to 0·16]). The rate of improvement was lower in 2011–19 than in 1990–2011 in all countries except for Norway, where the mean annual increase in life expectancy rose from 0·21 years (95% UI 0·20 to 0·22) in 1990–2011 to 0·23 years (0·21 to 0·26) in 2011–19 (difference of 0·03 years). In other countries, the difference in mean annual improvement between these periods ranged from –0·01 years in Iceland (0·19 years [95% UI 0·16 to 0·21] vs 0·18 years [0·09 to 0·26]), to –0·18 years in England (0·25 years [0·24 to 0·25] vs 0·07 years [0·06 to 0·08]). In 2019–21, there was an overall decrease in mean annual life expectancy across all countries (overall mean –0·18 years [95% UI –0·22 to –0·13]), with all countries having an absolute fall in life expectancy except for Ireland, Iceland, Sweden, Norway, and Denmark, which showed marginal improvement in life expectancy, and Belgium, which showed no change in life expectancy. Across countries, the causes of death responsible for the largest improvements in life expectancy from 1990 to 2011 were cardiovascular diseases and neoplasms. Deaths from cardiovascular diseases were the primary driver of reductions in life expectancy improvements during 2011–19, and deaths from respiratory infections and other COVID-19 pandemic-related outcomes were responsible for the decreases in life expectancy during 2019–21. Deaths from cardiovascular diseases and neoplasms in 2019 were attributable to high systolic blood pressure, dietary risks, tobacco smoke, high LDL cholesterol, high BMI, occupational risks, high alcohol use, and other risks including low physical activity. Exposure to these major risk factors differed by country, with trends of increasing exposure to high BMI and decreasing exposure to tobacco smoke observed in all countries during 1990–2021. Interpretation: The countries that best maintained improvements in life expectancy after 2011 (Norway, Iceland, Belgium, Denmark, and Sweden) did so through better maintenance of reductions in mortality from cardiovascular diseases and neoplasms, underpinned by decreased exposures to major risks, possibly mitigated by government policies. The continued improvements in life expectancy in five countries during 2019–21 indicate that these countries were better prepared to withstand the COVID-19 pandemic. By contrast, countries with the greatest slowdown in life expectancy improvements after 2011 went on to have some of the largest decreases in life expectancy in 2019–21. These findings suggest that government policies that improve population health also build resilience to future shocks. Such policies include reducing population exposure to major upstream risks for cardiovascular diseases and neoplasms, such as harmful diets and low physical activity, tackling the commercial determinants of poor health, and ensuring access to affordable health services. Funding: Gates Foundation.

Topik & Kata Kunci

Public aspects of medicine

Penulis (617)

Nicholas Steel

Clarissa Maria Mercedes Bauer-Staeb

John A Ford

Cristiana Abbafati

Mohammed Altigani Abdalla

Atef Abdelkader

Parsa Abdi

Roberto Ariel Abeldaño Zuñiga

Olugbenga Olusola Abiodun

Hassan Abolhassani

Eman Abu-Gharbieh

Hana J Abukhadijah

Ahmed Abu-Zaid

Isaac Yeboah Addo

Giovanni Addolorato

Victor Adekanmbi

Juliana Bunmi Adetunji

Temitayo Esther Adeyeoluwa

Emilie E Agardh

Williams Agyemang-Duah

Danish Ahmad

Anisuddin Ahmed

Ayman Ahmed

Syed Anees Ahmed

Karolina Akinosoglou

Mohammed Ahmed Akkaif

Salah Al Awaidy

Syed Mahfuz Al Hasan

Omar Ali Mohammed Al Zaabi

Robert W Aldridge

Abdelazeem M Algammal

Adel Ali Saeed Al-Gheethi

Abid Ali

Mohammed Usman Ali

Syed Shujait Ali

Waad Ali

Gianfranco Alicandro

Sheikh Mohammad Alif

Adel Al-Jumaily

Peter Allebeck

Ahmad Alrawashdeh

Rami H Al-Rifai

Mohammed A Alsabri

Najim Z Alshahrani

Deborah Oyine Aluh

Mohammad Al-Wardat

Walid A Al-Zyoud

Sohrab Amiri

Deanna Anderlini

Catalina Liliana Andrei

Abhishek Anil

Saeid Anvari

Anayochukwu Edward Anyasodor

Seth Christopher Yaw Appiah

Michele Aquilano

Jalal Arabloo

Mosab Arafat

Demelash Areda

Abdulfatai Aremu

Keivan Armani

Benedetta Armocida

Johan Ärnlöv

Muhammad Asaduzzaman

Thomas Astell-Burt

Avinash Aujayeb

Marcel Ausloos

Sina Azadnajafabad

Shahkaar Aziz

Ahmed Y Azzam

Giridhara Rathnaiah Babu

Andreea Corina Badache

Ashish D Badiye

Saeed Bahramian

Atif Amin Baig

Jennifer L Baker

Hansi Bansal

Till Winfried Bärnighausen

Mark Thomaz Ugliara Barone

Amadou Barrow

Sandra Barteit

Shahid Bashir

Hameed Akande Bashiru

João Diogo Basso

Mohammad-Mahdi Bastan

Sanjay Basu

Kavita Batra

Matteo Bauckneht

Bernhard T Baune

Massimiliano Beghi

Maryam Beiranvand

Yannick Béjot

Michelle L Bell

Olorunjuwon Omolaja Bello

Luis Belo

Apostolos Beloukas

Alice A Beneke

Paulo J G Bettencourt

Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula

Neeraj Bhala

Sonu Bhaskar

Francesca Bisulli

Tone Bjørge

Aadam Olalekan Bodunrin

Alejandro Botero Carvajal

Souad Bouaoud

Carol Brayne

Hermann Brenner

Adam D M Briggs

Nikolay Ivanovich Briko

Raffaele Bugiardini

Danilo Buonsenso

Reinhard Busse

Yasser Bustanji

Florentino Luciano Caetano dos Santos

Mehtap Çakmak Barsbay

Angelo Capodici

Giulia Carreras

Andrea Carugno

Felix Carvalho

Márcia Carvalho

Joao Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia

Giulio Castelpietra

Alberico L Catapano

Maria Sofia Cattaruzza

Luca Cegolon

Edina Cenko

Ester Cerin

Sonia Cerrai

Anis Ahmad Chaudhary

Bryan Chong

Sonali Gajanan Choudhari

Dinh-Toi Chu

Isaac Sunday Chukwu

Sheng-Chia Chung

Iolanda Cioffi

Joao Conde

Samuele Cortese

Rosa A S Couto

Michael H Criqui

Natalia Cruz-Martins

Omid Dadras

Mary Anne Teresa Dallat

Emanuele D'Amico

Lucio D'Anna

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Cristian Del Bo'

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David Edvardsson

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Terje Andreas Eikemo

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Temitope Cyrus Ekundayo

Rabie Adel El Arab

Frank J Elgar

Muhammed Elhadi

Chadi Eltaha

Francesco Esposito

Natalia Fabin

Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe

Omotayo Francis Fagbule

Aliasghar Fakhri-Demeshghieh

Luca Falzone

Carla Sofia e Sá Farinha

Pawan Sirwan Faris

Folorunso Oludayo Fasina

Patrick Fazeli

Timur Fazylov

Alireza Feizkhah

Ginenus Fekadu

Xiaoqi Feng

Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad

Daniela Ferrante

Pietro Ferrara

Nuno Ferreira

Getahun Fetensa

Florian Fischer

Marco Fonzo

Arianna Fornari

Daniela Fortuna

Celia Fortuna Rodrigues

Matteo Foschi

Sebastian S Fox

Alberto Freitas

Takeshi Fukumoto

Muktar A Gadanya

Silvano Gallus

Lucia Galluzzo

Balasankar Ganesan

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Xiang Gao

MA Garcia-Gordillo

Federica Gazzelloni

Miglas Welay Gebregergis

Teferi Gebru Gebremeskel

Delaram J Ghadimi

Khalid Yaser Ghailan

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Stefano Guicciardi

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Awoke Derbie Habteyohannes

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Yuta Hiraike

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Hanno Hoven

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Andrew Hughes

Michael Hultström

Kiavash Hushmandi

Javid Hussain

M Azhar Hussain

Adalia Ikiroma

Arit Inok

Md Rabiul Islam

Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam

Gaetano Isola

Mahalaxmi Iyer

Louis Jacob

Haitham Jahrami

Ammar Abdulrahman Jairoun

Sanobar Jaka

Mihajlo Jakovljevic

Talha Jawaid

Bijay Mukesh Jeswani

Jost B Jonas

Charity Ehimwenma Joshua

Billingsley Kaambwa

Zubair Kabir

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Neeti Kapoor

Paschalis Karakasis

Marina Karanikolos

Ibraheem M Karaye

Joonas H Kauppila

Sina Kazemian

Emmanuelle Kesse-Guyot

Faham Khamesipour

Ajmal Khan

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Khaled Khatab

Moawiah Mohammad Khatatbeh

Moein Khormali

Atulya Aman Khosla

Majid Khosravi

Mahmood Khosrowjerdi

Jagdish Khubchandani

Kwanghyun Kim

Min Seo Kim

Adnan Kisa

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Ann Kristin Skrindo Knudsen

Gerbrand Koren

Md Abdul Kuddus

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Dian Kusuma

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Heidi Jane Larson

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Daniel Lindholm

Christine Linehan

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Erand Llanaj

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Giancarlo Lucchetti

Alessandra Lugo

Raimundas Lunevicius

Lisha Luo

Hawraz Ibrahim M Amin

Zheng Feei Ma

Nikolaos Machairas

Monika Machoy

Kashish Malhotra

Ahmad Azam Malik

Ali Mansour

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Hamid Reza Marateb

Daniela Martini

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Roy Rillera Marzo

Yasith Mathangasinghe

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Fernanda Penido Matozinhos

Richard James Maude

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Atousa Moghadam Fard

Jama Mohamed

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Lorenzo Monasta

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Paula Moraga

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Tilahun Belete Mossie

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Fred Nugen

Mario Cesare Nurchis

Ogochukwu Janet Nzoputam

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Alberto Ortiz

Mayowa O Owolabi

Mahesh Padukudru P A

Jagadish Rao Padubidri

Raul Felipe Felipe Palma-Alvarez

Sujogya Kumar Panda

Songhomitra Panda-Jonas

Georgios D Panos

Leonidas D Panos

Ioannis Pantazopoulos

Shahina Pardhan

Romil R Parikh

Roberto Passera

Shankargouda Patil

Dimitrios Patoulias

Shrikant Pawar

Umberto Pensato

Gavin Pereira

Norberto Perico

Simone Perna

Fanny Emily Petermann-Rocha

Hoang Nhat Pham

Anil K Philip

Daniela Pierannunzio

Manon Pigeolet

Enrico Pisoni

Dimitri Poddighe

Ramesh Poluru

Maarten J Postma

Jalandhar Pradhan

Elisabetta Pupillo

Jagadeesh Puvvula

Alberto Raggi

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Diego Raimondo

Ivano Raimondo

Shakthi Kumaran Ramasamy

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Rishabh Kumar Rana

Sowmya J Rao

Davide Rasella

Ahmed Mustafa Rashid

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Ilari Rautalin

David Laith Rawaf

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Murali Mohan Rama Krishna Reddy

Elrashdy M Moustafa Mohamed Redwan

Lennart Reifels

Giuseppe Remuzzi

Mohsen Rezaeian

Ana Isabel Ribeiro

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Jefferson Antonio Buendia Rodriguez

Michele Romoli

Luca Ronfani

Kevin T Root

Himanshu Sekhar Rout

Nitai Roy

Michele Russo

Aly M A Saad

Cameron John Sabet

Mamta Sachdeva Dhingra

Umar Saeed

Mehdi Safari

Mahdi Safdarian

Mohamed A Saleh

Mohammed Z Y Salem

Giovanni A Salum

Vijaya Paul Samuel

Abdallah M Samy

Aswini Saravanan

Babak Saravi

Chinmoy Sarkar

Jennifer Saulam

Nikolaos Scarmeas

Benedikt Michael Schaarschmidt

Christophe Schinckus

Markus P Schlaich

Jurgen Carlo Schmidt

Art Schuermans

Austin E Schumacher

Falk Schwendicke

Catherine Schwinger

Sadaf G Sepanlou

Mahan Shafie

Hamid R Shahsavari

Masood Ali Shaikh

Husain Shakil

Sunder Sham

Muhammad Aaqib Shamim

Nigussie Tadesse Sharew

Amin Sharifan

Amin Shavandi

Rekha Raghuveer Shenoy

Mahabalesh Shetty

Pavanchand H Shetty

Premalatha K Shetty

Mika Shigematsu

Aminu Shittu

Ivy Shiue

Seyed Afshin Shorofi

Rajan Shrestha

Roman Shrestha

Emmanuel Edwar Siddig

João Pedro Silva

Luís Manuel Lopes Rodrigues Silva

Soraia Silva

Puneetpal Singh

Surjit Singh

Jussi O T Sipilä

Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina

Anton Sokhan

Soroush Soraneh

Joan B Soriano

Ireneous N Soyiri

Michael Spartalis

Paschalis Steiropoulos

Leo Stockfelt

Jing Sun

Johan Sundström

David Sunkersing

Katharina S Sunnerhagen

Chandan Kumar Swain

Lukasz Szarpak

Sree Sudha T Y

Payam Tabaee Damavandi

Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos

Seyyed Mohammad Tabatabaei

Celine Tabche

Ramin Tabibi

Jabeen Taiba

Manoj Tanwar

Nathan Y Tat

Nuno Taveira

Mohamad-Hani Temsah

Rasiah Thayakaran

Tenaw Yimer Tiruye

Mathilde Touvier

Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone

Jasmine T Tran

Ngoc Ha Tran

Thang Huu Tran

Domenico Trico

Samuel Joseph Tromans

Evangelia Eirini Tsermpini

Lorainne Tudor Car

Munkhtuya Tumurkhuu

Saeed Ullah

Brigid Unim

Asokan Govindaraj Vaithinathan

Mario Valenti

Jef Van den Eynde

Orsolya Varga

Tommi Juhani Vasankari

Balachandar Vellingiri

Massimiliano Veroux

Dominique Vervoort

Jorge Hugo Villafañe

Francesco S Violante

Giuseppe Vizzielli

Alice Vodden

Stein Emil Vollset

Theo Vos

Hatem A Wafa

Yanzhong Wang

Emebet Gashaw Wassie

Kosala Gayan Weerakoon

Ronny Westerman

Nuwan Darshana Wickramasinghe

Peter Willeit

Marcin W Wojewodzic

Axel Walter Wolf

Charles D A Wolfe

Grant M A Wyper

Xiaoyue Xu

Yuichi Yasufuku

Sanni Yaya

Saber Yezli

Arzu YiÄŸit

Dong Keon Yon

Chuanhua Yu

Fathiah Zakham

Aurora Zanghì

Michael Zastrozhin

Mohammed G M Zeariya

Liqun Zhang

Zhiqiang Zhang

Claire Chenwen Zhong

Bin Zhu

Makan Ziafati

Magdalena Zielińska

Elric Zweck

Sa'ed H Zyoud

John N Newton

Format Sitasi

APA MLA BibTeX

Steel, N., Bauer-Staeb, C.M.M., Ford, J.A., Abbafati, C., Abdalla, M.A., Abdelkader, A. et al. (2025). Changing life expectancy in European countries 1990–2021: a subanalysis of causes and risk factors from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(25)00009-X

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Luca Falzone and Carla Sofia e Sá Farinha and Pawan Sirwan Faris and Folorunso Oludayo Fasina and Patrick Fazeli and Timur Fazylov and Alireza Feizkhah and Ginenus Fekadu and Xiaoqi Feng and Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad and Daniela Ferrante and Pietro Ferrara and Nuno Ferreira and Getahun Fetensa and Florian Fischer and Marco Fonzo and Arianna Fornari and Daniela Fortuna and Celia Fortuna Rodrigues and Matteo Foschi and Sebastian S Fox and Alberto Freitas and Takeshi Fukumoto and Muktar A Gadanya and Silvano Gallus and Lucia Galluzzo and Balasankar Ganesan and Mohammad Arfat Ganiyani and Xiang Gao and MA Garcia-Gordillo and Federica Gazzelloni and Miglas Welay Gebregergis and Teferi Gebru Gebremeskel and Delaram J Ghadimi and Khalid Yaser Ghailan and Nermin Ghith and Ehsan Gholami and Alessandro Gialluisi and Paramjit Singh Gill and Tara Gillam and Giorgia Giussani and James C Glasbey and Scott D Glenn and Laszlo Göbölös and Mohamad Goldust and Mahaveer Golechha and Pouya Goleij and Davide Golinelli and Giuseppe Gorini and Simon Matthew Graham and Robert Griebler and Ashna Grover and Stefano Guicciardi and Sasidhar Gunturu and Vijai Kumar Gupta and Roberth Steven Gutiérrez-Murillo and Awoke Derbie Habteyohannes and Nils Haep and Nguyen Hai Nam and Sebastian Haller and Rifat Hamoudi and Senad Handanagic and Josep Maria Haro and Hamidreza Hasani and Md Saquib Hasnain and Rasmus J Havmoeller and Simon I Hay and Jeffrey J Hebert and Behzad Heibati and Henk B M Hilderink and Yuta Hiraike and Nguyen Quoc Hoan and Mehdi Hosseinzadeh and Sorin Hostiuc and Hanno Hoven and Chengxi Hu and Junjie Huang and Andrew Hughes and Michael Hultström and Kiavash Hushmandi and Javid Hussain and M Azhar Hussain and Adalia Ikiroma and Arit Inok and Md Rabiul Islam and Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam and Gaetano Isola and Mahalaxmi Iyer and Louis Jacob and Haitham Jahrami and Ammar Abdulrahman Jairoun and Sanobar Jaka and Mihajlo Jakovljevic and Talha Jawaid and Bijay Mukesh Jeswani and Jost B Jonas and Charity Ehimwenma Joshua and Billingsley Kaambwa and Zubair Kabir and Dler H Hussein Kadir and Rajesh Kamath and Kehinde Kazeem Kanmodi and Neeti Kapoor and Paschalis Karakasis and Marina Karanikolos and Ibraheem M Karaye and Joonas H Kauppila and Sina Kazemian and Emmanuelle Kesse-Guyot and Faham Khamesipour and Ajmal Khan and Shaghayegh Khanmohammadi and Khaled Khatab and Moawiah Mohammad Khatatbeh and Moein Khormali and Atulya Aman Khosla and Majid Khosravi and Mahmood Khosrowjerdi and Jagdish Khubchandani and Kwanghyun Kim and Min Seo Kim and Adnan Kisa and Sezer Kisa and Ann Kristin Skrindo Knudsen and Gerbrand Koren and Md Abdul Kuddus and Ilari Kuitunen and Mukhtar Kulimbet and Rakesh Kumar and Setor K Kunutsor and Om P Kurmi and Dian Kusuma and Ville Kytö and Carlo La Vecchia and Hanpeng Lai and Tea Lallukka and Francesco Lanfranchi and Berthold Langguth and Ariane Laplante-Lévesque and Heidi Jane Larson and Anders O Larsson and Munjae Lee and Paul H Lee and Seung Won Lee and Wei-Chen Lee and Daniel Lindholm and Christine Linehan and Xuefeng Liu and Erand Llanaj and José Francisco López-Gil and Stefan Lorkowski and Giancarlo Lucchetti and Alessandra Lugo and Raimundas Lunevicius and Lisha Luo and Hawraz Ibrahim M Amin and Zheng Feei Ma and Nikolaos Machairas and Monika Machoy and Kashish Malhotra and Ahmad Azam Malik and Ali Mansour and Emmanuel Manu and Hamid Reza Marateb and Daniela Martini and Miquel Martorell and Roy Rillera Marzo and Yasith Mathangasinghe and Medha Mathur and Fernanda Penido Matozinhos and Richard James Maude and Andrea Maugeri and Juergen May and Mahsa Mayeli and Mohsen Mazidi and Martin McKee and Enkeleint A Mechili and Sepideh Mehravar and Tesfahun Mekene Meto and Hadush Negash Meles and Alexios-Fotios A Mentis and Atte Meretoja and Tuomo J Meretoja and Sachith Mettananda and Georgia Micha and Irmina Maria Michalek and Ted R Miller and Giuseppe Minervini and Antonio Mirijello and Gabriele Mocciaro and Atousa Moghadam Fard and Jama Mohamed and Nouh Saad Mohamed and Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani and Shafiu Mohammed and Lorenzo Monasta and Stefania Mondello and Mohammad Ali Moni and Paula Moraga and Lidia Morawska and Tilahun Belete Mossie and Rohith Motappa and Sumaira Mubarik and Lorenzo Muccioli and Ulrich Otto Mueller and Faraz Mughal and Francesk Mulita and Daniel Munblit and Yanjinlkham Munkhsaikhan and Christopher J L Murray and Mohsen Naghavi and Pirouz Naghavi and Ganesh R Naik and Soroush Najdaghi and Atta Abbas Naqvi and Delaram Narimani Davani and Gustavo G Nascimento and Abdallah Y Naser and Abdulqadir J Nashwan and Javaid Nauman and Samidi Nirasha Kumari Navaratna and Athare Nazri-Panjaki and Chakib Nejjari and Evangelia Nena and Henok Biresaw Netsere and Anh Hoang Nguyen and Phat Tuan Nguyen and Van Thanh Nguyen and Lawrence Achilles Nnyanzi and Syed Toukir Ahmed Noor and Mehran Nouri and Fred Nugen and Mario Cesare Nurchis and Ogochukwu Janet Nzoputam and Bogdan Oancea and Martin James O'Donnell and Michael Safo Oduro and Oluwaseun Adeolu Ogundijo and Ropo Ebenezer Ogunsakin and Sylvester Reuben Okeke and Osaretin Christabel Okonji and Andrew T Olagunju and Susan Oliver and Isaac Iyinoluwa Olufadewa and Alberto Ortiz and Mayowa O Owolabi and Mahesh Padukudru P A and Jagadish Rao Padubidri and Raul Felipe Felipe Palma-Alvarez and Sujogya Kumar Panda and Songhomitra Panda-Jonas and Georgios D Panos and Leonidas D Panos and Ioannis Pantazopoulos and Shahina Pardhan and Romil R Parikh and Roberto Passera and Shankargouda Patil and Dimitrios Patoulias and Shrikant Pawar and Umberto Pensato and Gavin Pereira and Norberto Perico and Simone Perna and Fanny Emily Petermann-Rocha and Hoang Nhat Pham and Anil K Philip and Daniela Pierannunzio and Manon Pigeolet and Enrico Pisoni and Dimitri Poddighe and Ramesh Poluru and Maarten J Postma and Jalandhar Pradhan and Elisabetta Pupillo and Jagadeesh Puvvula and Alberto Raggi and Mosiur Rahman and Muhammad Aziz Rahman and Diego Raimondo and Ivano Raimondo and Shakthi Kumaran Ramasamy and Sheena Ramazanu and Rishabh Kumar Rana and Sowmya J Rao and Davide Rasella and Ahmed Mustafa Rashid and Santosh Kumar Rauniyar and Ilari Rautalin and David Laith Rawaf and Salman Rawaf and Murali Mohan Rama Krishna Reddy and Elrashdy M Moustafa Mohamed Redwan and Lennart Reifels and Giuseppe Remuzzi and Mohsen Rezaeian and Ana Isabel Ribeiro and Anupa Rijal and Jefferson Antonio Buendia Rodriguez and Michele Romoli and Luca Ronfani and Kevin T Root and Himanshu Sekhar Rout and Nitai Roy and Michele Russo and Aly M A Saad and Cameron John Sabet and Mamta Sachdeva Dhingra and Umar Saeed and Mehdi Safari and Mahdi Safdarian and Mohamed A Saleh and Mohammed Z Y Salem and Giovanni A Salum and Vijaya Paul Samuel and Abdallah M Samy and Aswini Saravanan and Babak Saravi and Chinmoy Sarkar and Jennifer Saulam and Nikolaos Scarmeas and Benedikt Michael Schaarschmidt and Christophe Schinckus and Markus P Schlaich and Jurgen Carlo Schmidt and Art Schuermans and Austin E Schumacher and Falk Schwendicke and Catherine Schwinger and Sadaf G Sepanlou and Mahan Shafie and Hamid R Shahsavari and Masood Ali Shaikh and Husain Shakil and Sunder Sham and Muhammad Aaqib Shamim and Nigussie Tadesse Sharew and Amin Sharifan and Amin Shavandi and Rekha Raghuveer Shenoy and Mahabalesh Shetty and Pavanchand H Shetty and Premalatha K Shetty and Mika Shigematsu and Aminu Shittu and Ivy Shiue and Seyed Afshin Shorofi and Rajan Shrestha and Roman Shrestha and Emmanuel Edwar Siddig and João Pedro Silva and Luís Manuel Lopes Rodrigues Silva and Soraia Silva and Puneetpal Singh and Surjit Singh and Jussi O T Sipilä and Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina and Anton Sokhan and Soroush Soraneh and Joan B Soriano and Ireneous N Soyiri and Michael Spartalis and Paschalis Steiropoulos and Leo Stockfelt and Jing Sun and Johan Sundström and David Sunkersing and Katharina S Sunnerhagen and Chandan Kumar Swain and Lukasz Szarpak and Sree Sudha T Y and Payam Tabaee Damavandi and Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos and Seyyed Mohammad Tabatabaei and Celine Tabche and Ramin Tabibi and Jabeen Taiba and Manoj Tanwar and Nathan Y Tat and Nuno Taveira and Mohamad-Hani Temsah and Rasiah Thayakaran and Tenaw Yimer Tiruye and Mathilde Touvier and Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone and Jasmine T Tran and Ngoc Ha Tran and Thang Huu Tran and Domenico Trico and Samuel Joseph Tromans and Evangelia Eirini Tsermpini and Lorainne Tudor Car and Munkhtuya Tumurkhuu and Saeed Ullah and Brigid Unim and Asokan Govindaraj Vaithinathan and Mario Valenti and Jef Van den Eynde and Orsolya Varga and Tommi Juhani Vasankari and Balachandar Vellingiri and Massimiliano Veroux and Dominique Vervoort and Jorge Hugo Villafañe and Francesco S Violante and Giuseppe Vizzielli and Alice Vodden and Stein Emil Vollset and Theo Vos and Hatem A Wafa and Yanzhong Wang and Emebet Gashaw Wassie and Kosala Gayan Weerakoon and Ronny Westerman and Nuwan Darshana Wickramasinghe and Peter Willeit and Marcin W Wojewodzic and Axel Walter Wolf and Charles D A Wolfe and Grant M A Wyper and Xiaoyue Xu and Yuichi Yasufuku and Sanni Yaya and Saber Yezli and Arzu YiÄŸit and Dong Keon Yon and Chuanhua Yu and Fathiah Zakham and Aurora Zanghì and Michael Zastrozhin and Mohammed G M Zeariya and Liqun Zhang and Zhiqiang Zhang and Claire Chenwen Zhong and Bin Zhu and Makan Ziafati and Magdalena Zielińska and Elric Zweck and Sa'ed H Zyoud and John N Newton}, title = {Changing life expectancy in European countries 1990–2021: a subanalysis of causes and risk factors from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021}, year = {2025}, journal = {DOAJ}, doi = {10.1016/S2468-2667(25)00009-X}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S246826672500009X}, }

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Tahun Terbit: 2025
Sumber Database: DOAJ
DOI: 10.1016/S2468-2667(25)00009-X
Akses: Open Access ✓