Nanopriming as a strategic tool to boost abiotic stress tolerance in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Abstract Abiotic stresses such as extreme temperatures, drought, salinity, heavy metal toxicity and ultraviolet radiation significantly impact plant growth and development, causing major yield losses globally. In the face of climate change and soil degradation, these stresses are becoming increasingly detrimental, particularly to essential crops like wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Wheat is a staple food for over one-third of the world population, supplying more calories and protein than any other cereal. It also serves a wide range of industrial purposes including use in animal feed, brewing, ethanol production and cosmetics. A rapidly evolving field, nanotechnology offers innovative solutions to modern agricultural challenges. One promising application is seed nanopriming which involves pre-treating seeds with nanoparticles. This technique enhances germination, seedling vigor, stress tolerance and ultimately crop yield. Nanoparticles smaller than 100 nm such as ZnO, SiO2, Ag, Au and Cu are particularly effective. They can penetrate seed coats and plant tissues in turn accelerating early metabolic activity and triggering beneficial physiological and biochemical responses. In wheat, nanopriming overcomes stress induced disruptions to key functions such as photosynthesis, nutrient uptake and reproductive development. It reduces seed dormancy, improves germination rates and promotes stronger seedling growth. By inducing favorable molecular responses, the priming enhances the plant ability to tolerate recurring and moderate stress conditions. These internal changes also manifest as visible anatomical adaptations that support survival under adverse environments. Additionally, the priming contributes to micronutrient biofortification for improving the nutritional quality of wheat grains. This dual benefit of stress tolerance and enhanced nutrition not only increases productivity but also supports resource conservation. As a result, nanopriming presents a sustainable and effective strategy to strengthen wheat cultivation against mounting environmental pressures and growing food security concerns worldwide.