Advanced formulations and gut microbiota modulation shape the prebiotic and metabolic health effects of allium phytochemicals

Abstract This study reviews the multifaceted health effects of Allium-derived compounds, focusing on their interaction with gut microbiota and the subsequent influence on gut homeostasis, metabolic health, inflammation, and disease states. Allium-derived compounds, such as polysaccharides, flavonols, and sulfur-containing compounds, i.e., allicin, are present in Allium that function as prebiotics to modulate gut microbiota composition and further exert systemic effects on metabolic disorders. The prebiotic effects of inulin-fructosaccharides, sulphur compounds, and flavonols, and their capacity to enhance gut health through fermentation processes and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production are explored. The review presents findings from several animal studies exploring the phytogenic properties of Allium species and their associated gut-mediated benefits. The study also touches on emerging research that explores several approaches to incorporate Allium or its metabolites in various formulations, such as in nano-based structures, high-pressure processing, or combining it with probiotics. Such approaches aim to enhance Allium nutraceutical and its gut interaction benefits. Finally, this comprehensive analysis highlights the crucial role of gut microbiota as a mediator in the health benefits of Allium phytochemicals, paving the way for the broader utilisation of this primary dietary source in nutraceuticals and for future needed studies and potential clinical applications. Graphical Abstract