Challenges and solutions for drinking water quality in Ethiopia: a comprehensive review

Abstract Ethiopia confronts considerable challenges pertaining to the availability of clean drinking water, impacting numerous communities throughout the nation. This review critically evaluates the present condition of water quality and sanitation in Ethiopia, underscoring significant barriers and proposing feasible strategies to guarantee access to potable water and sufficient sanitation facilities. The investigation explores the determinants contributing to the insufficiency of water supply and sanitation infrastructure, pinpointing fundamental issues such as inadequate infrastructure development, restricted water distribution networks, ineffective waste management practices, and the overuse of insecticides and synthetic fertilizers. Untreated sewage, industrial effluents, and agricultural runoff further intensify contamination risks. Utilizing a comprehensive analysis of 36 scientific journals, studies, and articles acquired from repositories such as PubMed, Google Scholar, ResearchGate, and various indexed scholarly journals, the review elucidates disparities in water quality across various regions. While certain locales exhibit moderate water quality, others contend with severe contamination, presenting significant public health hazards. The results accentuate the imperative of enacting measures to improve water quality and ensure equitable access to clean drinking water for all populations. Proposed strategies advocate for substantial investments in water and sanitation infrastructure that are congruent with sustainable development objectives. Policy initiatives should prioritize the enhancement of water reservoirs, the expansion of distribution systems, and the promotion of environmentally sustainable agricultural practices. Moreover, capacity-building initiatives for healthcare institutions, researchers, policymakers, and stakeholders are essential for effectively addressing these challenges. Fortifying these efforts will contribute to alleviating water pollution, enhancing sanitation services, and protecting public health for forthcoming generations. Furthermore, the findings provide valuable lessons for other developing countries facing similar water quality challenges, and contribute to international efforts to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 6 (clean water and sanitation for all).