Stone Materials in Facades: Most Important Deterioration and Treatment

Stone materials are widely used in facades due to their durability and esthetic appeal, yet they are subject to various deterioration processes that compromise structural integrity. This chapter examines the most commonly used stones (granite, limestone, sandstone, and marble) and their physical and mechanical properties, including absorption, density, compressive strength, flexural resistance, and abrasion resistance. A comprehensive review of facade pathologies reveals that porosity plays a critical role in degradation, particularly under aggressive environmental conditions. Using advanced diagnostic techniques, this research evaluates the performance of stone materials in historical and contemporary buildings. Key findings indicate that sandstone and limestone exhibit higher vulnerability to pollution-related decay, while granites demonstrate superior resistance but require precise specification to avoid anisotropic failures. Additionally, the effectiveness of various cleaning and conservation treatments is assessed, highlighting the risks of over-aggressive cleaning methods. This chapter underscores the necessity of standardized selection criteria to enhance facade longevity and proposes guidelines for sustainable maintenance strategies. The findings provide essential insights for architects, conservation specialists, and engineers aiming to optimize the use and preservation of stone facades in both heritage and modern constructions.