Vocational Adaptation and Workplace Challenges of Employees with Disabilities in a Special Subsidiary: A 4S Model Perspective

Background Despite recent policy initiatives promoting disability employment, employees with disabilities in Japan often face considerable adaptation challenges during the early stages of their careers. Issues such as role ambiguity, low self-efficacy, and difficulties with emotional regulation can heighten stress levels and increase turnover risk, particularly within highly regulated employment settings. Objective This study aimed to identify and categorize workplace adaptation challenges experienced by employees with disabilities during their first five years of employment in Japanese special-purpose subsidiaries. Methods Semi-structured interviews were conducted with six employees with psychiatric, developmental, intellectual, or visual disabilities. Data were thematically analyzed to uncover key adaptation challenges, guided by organizational socialization, supportive relationship, and self-efficacy theories. Findings were then interpreted through Schlossberg's 4S model (Situation, Self, Support, Strategy) to propose evidence-based support strategies. Results Eleven distinct adaptation challenges emerged, classified as either organizational socialization issues (e.g., reality shock, unclear expectations) or disability-specific issues (e.g., reduced self-efficacy, emotional stress). These challenges negatively affected participants’ psychological well-being and underscored the need for individualized support measures. Conclusions The 4S model provided a valuable framework for understanding early workplace adaptation and designing targeted interventions. Findings highlight the importance of structured onboarding, mentoring, and inclusive HR practices to promote retention, mental health, and long-term employment sustainability for employees with disabilities.