Expanding Horizons in Phage Therapy: Addressing Antibiotic Resistance in Aquaculture

ABSTRACT Aquaculture has emerged as a cornerstone of global food security, yet its rapid intensification has precipitated widespread bacterial disease outbreaks and escalating antimicrobial resistance (AMR). This review critically examines the limitations of conventional antibiotic use in aquaculture, highlighting regulatory inconsistencies, environmental risks and the proliferation of resistant pathogens. In response, bacteriophage (phage) therapy is gaining traction as a targeted, sustainable alternative. The article synthesizes recent advances in phage isolation, characterization and delivery methods, emphasizing their specificity, immunomodulatory effects and ability to penetrate biofilms without disrupting host microbiota. Notably, phages demonstrate efficacy against key aquaculture pathogens such as Aeromonas , Vibrio and Streptococcus species across diverse aquatic hosts. The review also explores phage–host dynamics, optimal dosing strategies and the role of encapsulation technologies in enhancing stability and gastrointestinal survivability. Despite promising therapeutic outcomes, several challenges persist, including bacterial resistance via receptor mutation, quorum‐sensing modulation and environmental stressors. Regulatory and commercial barriers further hinder widespread adoption, with gaps in standardized protocols, safety assessments and economic feasibility. Genetically modified phages offer enhanced precision but raise ethical and ecological concerns. To bridge these divides, the article advocates for harmonized regulatory frameworks, region‐specific trials and the establishment of validated phage repositories. Phage therapy marks a transformative advancement in aquaculture health management, offering a targeted, eco‐conscious and economically sustainable alternative to antibiotics. Ultimately, its successful integration hinges on robust scientific validation, ethically sound oversight and cohesive collaboration across disciplines.