Formation and evolution of turbulence in convectively unstable internal solitary waves of depression shoaling over gentle slopes in the South China Sea

The shoaling of high-amplitude Internal Solitary Waves (ISWs) of depression in the South China Sea (SCS) is examined through large-scale parallel turbulence-resolving high-accuracy/resolution simulations. A select, near-isobath-normal, bathymetric transect of the gentle SCS continental slope is employed together with stratification and current profiles obtained by in-situ measurements. Three simulations of separate ISWs with initial deep-water amplitudes in the range [136m, 150m] leverage a novel wave-tracking capability for a propagation distance of 80km and accurately reproduce key features of in-situ-observed phenomena with significantly higher spatiotemporal resolution. The interplay between convective and shear instability and the associated turbulence formation and evolution, as a function of deep-water ISW amplitude are further studied in-part revealing processes previously not observed in the field. Across all three waves, the convective instability develops in a similar fashion. Heavier water entrained from the wave rear plunges into its interior, giving rise to transient, yet distinct, subsurface vortical structures. Ultimately, a gravity current is triggered which horizontally advances through the wave interior and mixes it down to pycnocline's base. Although the waveform remains distinctly symmetric, Kelvin-Helmholtz billows emerge near the well-mixed ISW trough, disturb the wave's trailing edge and give rise to an active wake. The evolution of the kinetic energy associated with finer-scale perturbations to the ISW-induced velocity field shows two different growth regimes, each dominated by either convective or shear instability. The wake's perturbation kinetic energy is nonlinearly dependent on deep-water wave amplitude and can become a sizable fraction of the kinetic energy of the deep-water ISW.