Sustainability in Telecommunication Networks and Key Value Indicators: a Survey

Telecommunication technologies are important enablers for both digital and ecological transitions. By offering digital alternatives to traditional modes of transportation and communication, they help reduce carbon footprints while improving access to fundamental services. Particularly in rural and remote areas, telecommunications facilitate access to education, healthcare, and employment, helping to bridge the digital divide. Additionally, telecommunications can promote sustainability by supporting renewable energy usage, gender equality, and circular economies. However, defining the role of telecommunications in sustainability remains complex due to the historical focus on performance rather than long-term societal goals. Given the significance of this theme, this paper aims to provide the reader with a deeper look at the concept of sustainability within the telecommunications sector by examining relevant initiatives and projects. It reviews the major approaches for measuring sustainability and outlines practical approaches for implementing these assessments. Furthermore, the paper explores the proposed network architectures that incorporate Key Value Indicators and discusses major technologies in this area, such as Network Digital Twins and Intent-Based Networking. Through this analysis, the paper aims to contribute to creating sustainable telecommunication networks and broader industries.